Diabetes Melitus di Indonesia

About diabetes in Indonesia

Diabetes mellitus is one of the largest and fastest growing chronic disease burdens in Indonesia. It rarely stands alone: it travels with high blood pressure, heart disease, and kidney failure, and its complications drive much of the cost of curative care under the National Health Insurance scheme (JKN).

Most of the disease is not yet detected. National surveys estimate that adult diabetes is far more common than the share recorded in claims, so the people served by JKN are only part of the true burden. To understand the full picture, ARC Institute pairs two complementary analyses: one looking at the people who reach care and the claims they generate, and one looking at whether the health system has the workforce, facilities, and services to deliver that care across the country.

Key findings

• Among people served by JKN, type 2 diabetes dominates (about 52.8 percent of patients), the burden peaks at ages 40 to 59 and 60 and above, and it is heavily concentrated in Java (about 63.9 percent), following membership and facility capacity rather than true need.
• Complications are widespread: about 45.6 percent of patients have neuropathy, 28.1 percent circulatory or peripheral artery disease, and 18.1 percent nephropathy, while only about 31.7 percent have no coded complication.
• Diabetes rarely stands alone: about 66.8 percent of patients also have hypertension, 22.7 percent ischaemic heart disease, 18.7 percent heart failure, and 16.6 percent chronic kidney disease.
• Spending is highly concentrated: the top 10 percent of patients absorb about 43.1 percent of spending, and the cost per patient rises from about Rp 7.8 million with no complications to about Rp 23.9 million with two or more complications.
• The supply of specialists is scarce and Java centred: Indonesia has only 99 endocrinologists nationally (about 0.035 per 100,000 people), about 92.4 percent of districts have none, and diabetes is managed almost entirely by internists and general practitioners.
• Care for complications is geographically thin: haemodialysis is available in only about 14.6 percent of hospitals, and roughly 60.9 percent of districts have no haemodialysis service at all, a critical gap for diabetic kidney failure.
• The detection gap is large: national surveys point to adult diabetes far above the share diagnosed by a doctor (about 2.2 percent in 2023), so most people with diabetes in the community are not yet detected or served.

Choose an analysis

These two reports answer different questions. The demand side describes who reaches care and what it costs; the supply side asks whether the system has the capacity to deliver that care, and how unequally it is spread.