Heart Failure in Indonesia
About this report
Heart failure is the end point of a long chain that runs from hypertension through coronary heart disease, and it is a chronic, relapsing condition rather than a single event. How well it is managed in routine outpatient care, through titrated guideline-directed medical therapy and continuous monitoring, determines how often patients are admitted to hospital and how many die.
This page brings together two complementary views of heart failure in Indonesia. The demand view looks at how people with heart failure actually use the National Health Insurance scheme (JKN), drawn from the BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data for 2015 to 2024. The supply view asks whether the health system has the cardiologists, heart-failure clinics, intensive-care capacity and essential medicines needed to deliver guideline care, and how unevenly those resources are spread across the country. Choose the angle you want below.
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Analisis Demand (Klaim JKN)
Who is served, how much care they use, and what it costs: served burden, hospital severity and length of stay, referral flow, case-fatality, 30-day readmission, comorbidity, and equity, from JKN claims 2015 to 2024.
Analisis Demand (Klaim JKN)Analisis Supply (Sistem Kesehatan)
Whether the system can deliver care: cardiologist workforce, heart-failure clinics and intensive-care capacity, essential-medicine access, financing and governance, scored on the WHO building blocks and an Availability, Accessibility and Quality framework.
Analisis Supply (Sistem Kesehatan)Key findings, demand side (JKN claims)
- In 2024 about 1,148,907 people with heart failure were served by JKN, a count that reflects the clinically served burden rather than true national prevalence, since early-stage disease is often undiagnosed.
- Outcomes among admitted patients are serious: in-hospital case-fatality was about 6.52 percent in 2024, and roughly 1 in 15 hospitalised heart-failure patients died in hospital.
- Repeat hospital care is common: 30-day readmission after a heart-failure admission was about 6.6 percent, the leading avoidable-care marker for chronic heart failure.
- Hospital spending is large and rising, reaching about Rp 4.37 trillion in 2024 and around Rp 24.8 trillion cumulatively over 2017 to 2024.
- Spending is concentrated: the top 5 percent of patients absorbed about 44 percent of cost, reflecting patients with decompensation and repeated admissions.
Key findings, supply side (health system)
- Cardiologists are scarce and concentrated: only 1,623 cardiologists (Sp.JP) nationally, about 0.571 per 100,000 people, with 38.7 percent of districts and cities having none and 61.9 percent of cardiologists based in Java.
- Heart-failure clinics are uncommon: only 779 hospitals (23.8 percent) have a chronic heart-failure clinic, 52.3 percent of districts and cities have none, and intensive cardiac capacity (ICCU) is absent in 64.8 percent of districts.
- There is a medicine gap in primary care: of 71 guideline-therapy molecules, only 7 are available at the primary level, and newer pillars such as SGLT2 inhibitors and ARNI are not yet established in the national formulary for heart failure at the primary level.
- Hospital financing borne by JKN was about Rp 22.35 trillion cumulatively over 2015 to 2024, with about 75.9 percent of spending flowing to inpatient care.
- Care is highly chronic: in 2024 about 22.5 percent of admitted patients had two or more admissions, underlining the role of sustained outpatient management.