Pneumonia and Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Indonesia
Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections (ISPB) remain among the most common and most preventable reasons people are admitted to hospital in Indonesia. The burden falls heavily on the two ends of life, young children and older adults, and much of it could be avoided through immunisation and earlier care at the primary level.
This page brings together two complementary views of pneumonia in Indonesia. The demand-side analysis follows pneumonia patients through the National Health Insurance scheme (JKN), using the BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data for 2015 to 2024. The supply-side analysis asks whether the health system has the workforce, facilities, and intensive-care capacity to deliver that care, and how unequally those resources are spread across the country.
Key findings
- In 2024 an estimated 1.93 million pneumonia and ISPB patients were served by JKN (survey-weighted national projection), with the burden concentrated at the two extremes of age, under-fives and people aged 60 and over.
- Pneumonia is a costly inpatient disease: total verified-paid spending reached about Rp 40.3 trillion over 2015 to 2024 (Rp 8.1 trillion in 2024 alone), and roughly 96 percent of that spending was for inpatient care.
- In-hospital mortality is driven by age: the overall case-fatality rate for admitted patients was about 8.8 percent, rising to 15.4 percent in older adults while remaining 1.7 percent in under-fives.
- Coding quality is low: about 96 percent of pneumonia is recorded as J18 (unspecified organism), so the vaccine-preventable fraction is invisible in claims, a serious surveillance gap for the case for pneumococcal vaccination.
- On the supply side, specialist lung capacity is scarce and concentrated: only 0.516 pulmonologists per 100,000 people nationally, with 31.5 percent of districts having no pulmonologist at all.
- Intensive-care capacity for children is uneven: only 55.4 percent of hospitals have a paediatric ICU (PICU), and 30.5 percent of districts have none, so children with severe pneumonia must often be referred far for intensive care.
Choose an analysis
The two reports below are written in Bahasa Indonesia and can be read independently.
Who is served, where they are treated, how care flows from primary to hospital level, mortality, comorbidity, cost, and equity, from BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data 2015 to 2024.
Read the demand report →Whether the system has the workforce, hospital lung services, and paediatric intensive care to deliver pneumonia care, structured on the WHO six health-system building blocks.
Read the supply report →