Hipertensi di Indonesia

About hypertension in Indonesia

High blood pressure is one of the largest chronic disease burdens in Indonesia and the single most important driver of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. It rarely stands alone: it sits at the centre of a cardiometabolic cluster with diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease, and its complications are what make curative care expensive under the National Health Insurance scheme (JKN).

Most of the disease is not yet detected or treated. National surveys measure hypertension in about one in three adults, but only a small share are aware of their condition and reach care. The people served by JKN are therefore only part of the true burden. To understand the full picture, ARC Institute pairs two complementary analyses: one looking at the people who reach care and the claims they generate, and one looking at whether the health system has the workforce, facilities, medicines, and services to detect and control the disease across the country.

Key findings

• National surveys (SKI 2023) measure hypertension in about 32.1 percent of adults, roughly 61 million people, yet only about 8.6 percent are diagnosed and about 7.66 million reach JKN care in a year, a large detection and treatment gap, with only about 27 percent of people with hypertension aware of their condition.
• The served burden has grown steadily, from about 1,570 to about 2,755 per 100,000 members, reflecting wider coverage and detection rather than an artefact of the data.
• Hypertension is largely a primary care disease: about 53.9 percent of patients are managed in primary care (FKTP) alone and about 65 percent of visits happen there, in line with the Prolanis chronic care design, although about 23 percent of patients go straight to hospital without a primary care contact.
• Spending is concentrated and complication driven: hospital (FKRTL) claims for hypertension reached about Rp 8.8 trillion in 2024, the top 10 percent of patients absorb about 52.1 percent of spending, and claims for the other diseases of hypertensive patients (about Rp 221 trillion over the period) far exceed hypertension specific spending (about Rp 55 trillion).
• Avoidable admissions are common: about 299,063 hospital admissions for hypertension in 2024 could in principle be prevented with better primary care control, a direct signal of weak control at the front line.
• Specialist capacity for complications is scarce and Java centred: about 0.57 cardiologists per 100,000 people, with about 39 percent of districts having no cardiologist, and about 84 percent of districts have no family medicine doctor, so structured primary care capacity is almost absent.
• Essential medicines are locked at the hospital level: only about 20 percent of essential antihypertensive medicines are available in primary care (FPKTP) under the national formulary, the rest are accessible only in hospitals.
• Access is highly unequal: the served rate ranges from about 1,614 to about 12,813 per 100,000 across provinces, and follows an inverse care pattern in which better off self paying members are served more than the poorest subsidised members.

Choose an analysis

These two reports answer different questions. The demand side describes who reaches care and what it costs; the supply side asks whether the system has the capacity to detect and control the disease, and how unequally it is spread.